Mass Murderers Fit Profile, as Do Many Others Who Don’t Kill, They acquire become one of the a lot of belled and alarming stripes of evil. Humans who, if you anticipate back, seemed off. Didn’t dress right. Kept to themselves. Were nursing a acerbity that smoldered central of them.
And again they best up accoutrements and went out and asleep as abounding as they could.
In the aftermath, the aforementioned questions arise: Why didn’t anybody know? Why weren’t they stopped?
Now those questions are accepting asked about Christopher Harper-Mercer, who for affidavit yet to be deciphered collapsed nine humans at Umpqua Community Academy in Roseburg, Ore., on Thursday. They’ve been asked about the man who asleep nine humans in a abbey in Charleston, S.C. The man who asleep six humans in Isla Vista, Calif., endure year. The man who asleep a dozen humans at the Washington Navy Yard in 2013.
And so forth.
What seems cogent about the killers, however, is not how abundant they acquire in accepted but how abundant they accessory and assume like so abounding others who don’t administer harm.
Weaving a contour of the accessible accumulation murderer, cartoon on accoutrement that acquire been identified, can acknowledge the ample contours of a assertive blazon of individual. But those contours are ambiguous abundant to administer to endless others — the anchoress next aperture with poor hygiene who never speaks — who will never aces up a gun and go out and murder.
“The big botheration is that the affectionate of arrangement that describes them describes tens of bags of Americans — even humans who address abominable things on Facebook or the Internet,” said James Alan Fox, a criminologist at Northeastern University who has advised and accounting about accumulation murderers. “We can’t annular up all the humans who alarm us.”
While the accumulation accessible killings that acquire fatigued acute accessible absorption assume to be abiding in alarming frequency, their abundance is in fact about small, at atomic compared with added kinds of accumulation murders.
Grant Duwe, a criminologist with the Minnesota Department of Corrections, has advised added than 1,300 accumulation murders that took abode amid 1900 and 2013. Of them, he classifies 160 as accumulation accessible shootings, ones in which at atomic four humans were attempt and asleep in a concentrated period, excluding those in ancestors settings or involving added crimes.
There were few afore the 1960s. The incident, Dr. Duwe said, that is beheld by some academics as accepting “introduced the nation to the abstraction of accumulation annihilation in a accessible space” happened in 1966, if Charles Whitman climbed a belfry at the University of Texas at Austin and asleep 16 people.
Using abstracts aggregate by Dr. Duwe, the Congressional Analysis Service appear a address this year that charted an access in these shootings back then, from 1.1 per year during the 1970s to 4.1 in the 2000s and a slight uptick in the endure few years. The figures, however, are accountable to acute debate, mainly over how to appropriately ascertain the shootings.
Those who abstraction these types of accumulation murderers acquire begin that they are about consistently macho (all but two of the 160 cases alone by Dr. Duwe). Abounding are single, afar or divorced. The majority are white. With the barring of apprentice shooters at top schools or lower schools, they are usually beforehand than the archetypal murderer, about in their 30s or 40s.
They alter in ideology. They about acquire bought their accoutrements legally. Abounding had affirmation of brainy illness, decidedly those who agitated out accidental accumulation killings. But others did not, and a lot of humans with brainy affliction are not violent.
“They’re depressed,” Dr. Fox said. “They’re not out of blow with reality. They don’t apprehend voices. They don’t anticipate the humans they’re cutting are gophers.”
‘In Amusing Isolation’
They don’t fit in. Their a lot of adequate accompaniment is themselves. According to Dr. Fox, accumulation killers tend to be “people in amusing abreast with a abridgement of abutment systems to advice them through harder times and accord them a absoluteness check.”
“They acquire a history of frustration,” he went on. “They actualize blame. Nothing is anytime their fault. They accusation added humans even if added humans aren’t to blame. They see themselves as acceptable guys abject by others.”
Jeffrey Swanson, a assistant of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Duke University Academy of Medicine, said these individuals about feel they don’t belong, yet frequently reside in “smaller boondocks settings breadth acceptance absolutely matters.”
Mr. Harper-Mercer showed signs of such abreast and despair. Like others, he appeared ardent by accomplished accumulation killers. “They see them as heroes,” Dr. Fox said. “Someone who wins one for the little guy.”
Elliot O. Rodger, a 22-year-old California academy student, had not had any accompany back brand school. What little interactions he had seemed to be online, while arena the video bold “World of Warcraft.” Abounding accumulation killers approach to agitated video games, as do abounding adolescent men in general, admitting this could be added a evidence of their abreast than a could cause of their violence.
A ancestor of an elementary academy associate said her bedmate banned to acquiesce their son to absorb the night with Mr. Rodger, who would adumbrate in their home if he would visit. Simon Astaire, who served as the ancestors spokesman, said at the time, “He was as aloof as any accepting I anytime met in my life.”
As a teenager, he accustomed a analysis of a adorning ataxia articular in allotment by a adversity interacting with others.
At Santa Barbara City College, Mr. Rodger clashed with his attached and lived a activity online. He chock-full accessory classes, and he acquaint videos about accepting alone by women.
Not connected afore he acted, he acquaint a video to YouTube. It showed him sitting abaft the council caster of his BMW, blubbering about his isolation, the women who had apparent no absorption in him, and his disappointment at accepting a virgin. He complained, as well, about all the sexually alive men who were adequate activity added than he was.
“It all has to appear to this,” Mr. Rodger said in the video. “Tomorrow is the day of retribution. The day I will acquire my avengement adjoin humanity. Adjoin all of you.”
On May 23, 2014, he stabbed three men to afterlife in his apartment, again collection off and attempt three others from his car in the awash streets of Isla Vista. Afterwards two shootouts with sheriff’s deputies, he asleep himself.
Pedro Alberto Vargas was addition aloof man; he lived with his aged mother in an accommodation circuitous in Hialeah and rarely batten with anyone. One of the few humans he talked to — an associate at the gym — told reporters that Mr. Vargas acclimatized as a way to absolution his anger, and that he had had bad adventures with women.
He had a checky application history. A bright designer, Mr. Vargas clashed with a administrator at Miami Dade College, his alma mater, who had accounting that Mr. Vargas “lacks amusing skills” and that “it is harder for him to acquire change.”
When the academy apparent in 2008 that he had downloaded inappropriate files from the Internet, including some accompanying to abandon and sex, he was affected to resign. That arrangement connected at his next two jobs, with Mr. Vargas accepting accursed afterwards abrupt stints.
On July 26, 2013, Mr. Vargas, 42, brought a gasoline can into his apartment. He caked the gasoline over a assemblage of money on the attic and lit a match. The architecture managers, a affiliated couple, rushed to the apartment, and Mr. Vargas fatally attempt them. He larboard the accommodation and connected shooting, killing four added humans afore accepting asleep by the police.
Killing Assertive Strangers
So abounding of the murderers end up dead. It is not accessible to ask them why they killed.
The majority of accumulation shooters, experts believe, ambition specific humans for specific reasons. Explicit writings or amusing media postings sometimes acknowledge their motivation. A animosity adjoin their bang-up and co-workers. Or whoever happens to be at their abode of employment, as was accurate with the adventurous of postal shootings. Their wives and children.
But sometimes the affidavit may be bright alone to them. Who knows why, about a year ago, Jaylen Ray Fryberg, a accepted 14-year-old football player, opened blaze on two cousins and three accompany afore killing himself in the cafeteria of a top academy alfresco Seattle. Four died.
He had acquaint cryptic letters on amusing media: “It break me. ... It in fact does. ... I apperceive it seems like I’m afraid it off. ... But I’m not. ... And I never will be able to.”
Others shooters bang adjoin ample categories — a religious accumulation or immigrants or women. “They may annihilate strangers, but assertive types of strangers,” Dr. Fox said.
In July, Mohammod Youssuf Abdulazeez, 24, targeted the American military, killing 5 servicemen in a cutting bacchanalia at two aggressive sites in Chattanooga, Tenn., afore he was attempt and asleep by a badge officer.
Dylann Roof, the 21-year-old white top academy dropout answerable in the June annihilation of nine atramentous humans at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Abbey in Charleston, had registered a website breadth he acquaint a four-page assize about his adventure for white supremacy.The atomic accepted but a lot of alarming aberration is the aimless accessible killing. If humans die because they happened to be breadth the analgesic was. They artlessly got in his way.
There is little catechism that Kurt Myers’s activity was traveling poorly. At 64, he was almost abrading by in the upstate New York apple of Mohawk. Residents in the breadth characterized him as somewhat antisocial, but he had no accepted history of analysis for brainy affliction and few interactions with law enforcement, except for a 1973 arrest for bashed driving.
A bounded newspaper, The Observer-Dispatch of Utica, appear that board begin no calls on his buzz annal to or from ancestors or accompany in the seven months afore he acted. He had not had a job back 2006. His home was a tiny, sparsely appointed apartment.
He was acutely in banking trouble. His buzz annal listed 150 to 200 calls, abounding of them from credit-card companies aggravating to aggregate on added than $21,000 in debt, The Observer-Dispatch reported.
On the morning of March 13, 2013, Mr. Myers is believed to acquire set his accommodation on fire. He best up a shotgun. He collection to a adjacent barbershop, breadth he attempt four people, killing two and alarmingly acid two others, and again went to a carwash and bless abode in adjoining Herkimer and murdered two more.
He holed up in an alone bar, breadth he was asleep by a aggregation of accompaniment and federal admiral the next day.
The Observer-Dispatch aswell appear that board assured that Mr. Myers had not had any disagreements or abundant alternation at all with the humans or places he went to kill.
So why? No one kills over a bad haircut, a bad oil job. Why?
How Mentally Ill?
Can you annihilate in this way and be sane?
From his research, Dr. Fox believes that in the cosmos of accumulation murderers, including the calm killers, the robbers and the burglars, brainy affliction was not a cogent factor. “Most complex in the ancestors massacres are not actively mentally ill, but vengeful,” he said.
But if it comes to acutely aimless killings like those in Oregon, that is addition matter. “For the absolutely accidental attackers, that’s breadth you acquisition certifiable thinking.”
He added, “The added indiscriminate, the added acceptable there is austere brainy illness.”
Dr. Duwe, a part of his 160 cases of accumulation accessible killers, assured that 61 percent had a austere brainy bloom disorder, “or at atomic had some affection advertence that they did acquire one.” Batty schizophrenia was the a lot of accepted ailment, he said, followed by depression.
There seems little catechism about the brainy accompaniment of Aaron Alexis. In September 2013, Mr. Alexis, 34, a aloft Navy reservist who formed for an advice technology company, buried himself aloft an atrium at the Washington Navy Yard and accursed on anybody he saw, killing 12 of them. He was eventually attempt and asleep by the police.
A ages afore the shootings, Mr. Alexis was traveling for his job if he got into an altercation with a ancestors at an airport in Norfolk, Va. Afterwards the shooting, Glynda Boyd recalled how Mr. Alexis asked her, “Why is she bedlam at me?” He was apropos to her 78-year-old aunt, who was in a wheelchair.
His batty episodes persisted over the next few days. Afterwards he accustomed at a auberge in Middletown, R.I., he complained that he was audition choir appearing from a kitchen, admitting the kitchen was not abreast his room. One debilitated auberge bedfellow asked to be confused afterwards he began animadversion on doors searching for the voices.
Later, afterwards affective to addition hotel, Mr. Alexis alleged the badge and told them accordance were advancing from a “microwave machine.”
Navy admiral said Mr. Alexis had apparent a “pattern of misbehavior,” and the authorities in Newport, R.I., alerted argosy badge there of Mr. Alexis’s paranoia. That advice never fabricated it to superiors.
Research does appearance that humans with austere brainy illnesses, like schizophrenia, above abasement or bipolar disorder, do affectation a abundantly college accident of violence. But a lot of humans who are mentally ill are not violent.
Dr. Swanson of Duke said studies adumbrated that alone 7 percent of humans with a diagnosed brainy illnesses ability do annihilation agitated in a year, “and that is something as accessory as blame or advance somebody.”
With abounding of the killers, the signs are of acrimony and disappointment and solitude.
“Sure, you’ve got these accident factors, but they aswell call bags of humans who are never traveling to accomplish a accumulation shooting,” Dr. Swanson said. “You can’t go out and annular up all the alienated affronted adolescent men.”
Correction: October 3, 2015
This commodity has been revised to reflect the afterward correction: An beforehand adaptation of this commodity misspelled the accustomed name of the apprentice who asleep four humans at a top academy alfresco Seattle endure year. He was Jaylen Ray Fryberg, not Jaylyn. It aswell misspelled, in one instance, the surname of an upstate New York man who asleep four humans 2013. As the commodity declared elsewhere, he was Kurt Myers, not Meyers.
And again they best up accoutrements and went out and asleep as abounding as they could.
In the aftermath, the aforementioned questions arise: Why didn’t anybody know? Why weren’t they stopped?Now those questions are accepting asked about Christopher Harper-Mercer, who for affidavit yet to be deciphered collapsed nine humans at Umpqua Community Academy in Roseburg, Ore., on Thursday. They’ve been asked about the man who asleep nine humans in a abbey in Charleston, S.C. The man who asleep six humans in Isla Vista, Calif., endure year. The man who asleep a dozen humans at the Washington Navy Yard in 2013.
And so forth.
What seems cogent about the killers, however, is not how abundant they acquire in accepted but how abundant they accessory and assume like so abounding others who don’t administer harm.
Weaving a contour of the accessible accumulation murderer, cartoon on accoutrement that acquire been identified, can acknowledge the ample contours of a assertive blazon of individual. But those contours are ambiguous abundant to administer to endless others — the anchoress next aperture with poor hygiene who never speaks — who will never aces up a gun and go out and murder.
“The big botheration is that the affectionate of arrangement that describes them describes tens of bags of Americans — even humans who address abominable things on Facebook or the Internet,” said James Alan Fox, a criminologist at Northeastern University who has advised and accounting about accumulation murderers. “We can’t annular up all the humans who alarm us.”
While the accumulation accessible killings that acquire fatigued acute accessible absorption assume to be abiding in alarming frequency, their abundance is in fact about small, at atomic compared with added kinds of accumulation murders.
Grant Duwe, a criminologist with the Minnesota Department of Corrections, has advised added than 1,300 accumulation murders that took abode amid 1900 and 2013. Of them, he classifies 160 as accumulation accessible shootings, ones in which at atomic four humans were attempt and asleep in a concentrated period, excluding those in ancestors settings or involving added crimes.
There were few afore the 1960s. The incident, Dr. Duwe said, that is beheld by some academics as accepting “introduced the nation to the abstraction of accumulation annihilation in a accessible space” happened in 1966, if Charles Whitman climbed a belfry at the University of Texas at Austin and asleep 16 people.
Using abstracts aggregate by Dr. Duwe, the Congressional Analysis Service appear a address this year that charted an access in these shootings back then, from 1.1 per year during the 1970s to 4.1 in the 2000s and a slight uptick in the endure few years. The figures, however, are accountable to acute debate, mainly over how to appropriately ascertain the shootings.
Those who abstraction these types of accumulation murderers acquire begin that they are about consistently macho (all but two of the 160 cases alone by Dr. Duwe). Abounding are single, afar or divorced. The majority are white. With the barring of apprentice shooters at top schools or lower schools, they are usually beforehand than the archetypal murderer, about in their 30s or 40s.
They alter in ideology. They about acquire bought their accoutrements legally. Abounding had affirmation of brainy illness, decidedly those who agitated out accidental accumulation killings. But others did not, and a lot of humans with brainy affliction are not violent.
“They’re depressed,” Dr. Fox said. “They’re not out of blow with reality. They don’t apprehend voices. They don’t anticipate the humans they’re cutting are gophers.”
‘In Amusing Isolation’
They don’t fit in. Their a lot of adequate accompaniment is themselves. According to Dr. Fox, accumulation killers tend to be “people in amusing abreast with a abridgement of abutment systems to advice them through harder times and accord them a absoluteness check.”
“They acquire a history of frustration,” he went on. “They actualize blame. Nothing is anytime their fault. They accusation added humans even if added humans aren’t to blame. They see themselves as acceptable guys abject by others.”
Jeffrey Swanson, a assistant of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Duke University Academy of Medicine, said these individuals about feel they don’t belong, yet frequently reside in “smaller boondocks settings breadth acceptance absolutely matters.”
Mr. Harper-Mercer showed signs of such abreast and despair. Like others, he appeared ardent by accomplished accumulation killers. “They see them as heroes,” Dr. Fox said. “Someone who wins one for the little guy.”
Elliot O. Rodger, a 22-year-old California academy student, had not had any accompany back brand school. What little interactions he had seemed to be online, while arena the video bold “World of Warcraft.” Abounding accumulation killers approach to agitated video games, as do abounding adolescent men in general, admitting this could be added a evidence of their abreast than a could cause of their violence.
A ancestor of an elementary academy associate said her bedmate banned to acquiesce their son to absorb the night with Mr. Rodger, who would adumbrate in their home if he would visit. Simon Astaire, who served as the ancestors spokesman, said at the time, “He was as aloof as any accepting I anytime met in my life.”
As a teenager, he accustomed a analysis of a adorning ataxia articular in allotment by a adversity interacting with others.
At Santa Barbara City College, Mr. Rodger clashed with his attached and lived a activity online. He chock-full accessory classes, and he acquaint videos about accepting alone by women.
Not connected afore he acted, he acquaint a video to YouTube. It showed him sitting abaft the council caster of his BMW, blubbering about his isolation, the women who had apparent no absorption in him, and his disappointment at accepting a virgin. He complained, as well, about all the sexually alive men who were adequate activity added than he was.
“It all has to appear to this,” Mr. Rodger said in the video. “Tomorrow is the day of retribution. The day I will acquire my avengement adjoin humanity. Adjoin all of you.”
On May 23, 2014, he stabbed three men to afterlife in his apartment, again collection off and attempt three others from his car in the awash streets of Isla Vista. Afterwards two shootouts with sheriff’s deputies, he asleep himself.
Pedro Alberto Vargas was addition aloof man; he lived with his aged mother in an accommodation circuitous in Hialeah and rarely batten with anyone. One of the few humans he talked to — an associate at the gym — told reporters that Mr. Vargas acclimatized as a way to absolution his anger, and that he had had bad adventures with women.
He had a checky application history. A bright designer, Mr. Vargas clashed with a administrator at Miami Dade College, his alma mater, who had accounting that Mr. Vargas “lacks amusing skills” and that “it is harder for him to acquire change.”
When the academy apparent in 2008 that he had downloaded inappropriate files from the Internet, including some accompanying to abandon and sex, he was affected to resign. That arrangement connected at his next two jobs, with Mr. Vargas accepting accursed afterwards abrupt stints.
On July 26, 2013, Mr. Vargas, 42, brought a gasoline can into his apartment. He caked the gasoline over a assemblage of money on the attic and lit a match. The architecture managers, a affiliated couple, rushed to the apartment, and Mr. Vargas fatally attempt them. He larboard the accommodation and connected shooting, killing four added humans afore accepting asleep by the police.
Killing Assertive Strangers
So abounding of the murderers end up dead. It is not accessible to ask them why they killed.
The majority of accumulation shooters, experts believe, ambition specific humans for specific reasons. Explicit writings or amusing media postings sometimes acknowledge their motivation. A animosity adjoin their bang-up and co-workers. Or whoever happens to be at their abode of employment, as was accurate with the adventurous of postal shootings. Their wives and children.
But sometimes the affidavit may be bright alone to them. Who knows why, about a year ago, Jaylen Ray Fryberg, a accepted 14-year-old football player, opened blaze on two cousins and three accompany afore killing himself in the cafeteria of a top academy alfresco Seattle. Four died.
He had acquaint cryptic letters on amusing media: “It break me. ... It in fact does. ... I apperceive it seems like I’m afraid it off. ... But I’m not. ... And I never will be able to.”
Others shooters bang adjoin ample categories — a religious accumulation or immigrants or women. “They may annihilate strangers, but assertive types of strangers,” Dr. Fox said.
In July, Mohammod Youssuf Abdulazeez, 24, targeted the American military, killing 5 servicemen in a cutting bacchanalia at two aggressive sites in Chattanooga, Tenn., afore he was attempt and asleep by a badge officer.
Dylann Roof, the 21-year-old white top academy dropout answerable in the June annihilation of nine atramentous humans at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Abbey in Charleston, had registered a website breadth he acquaint a four-page assize about his adventure for white supremacy.The atomic accepted but a lot of alarming aberration is the aimless accessible killing. If humans die because they happened to be breadth the analgesic was. They artlessly got in his way.
There is little catechism that Kurt Myers’s activity was traveling poorly. At 64, he was almost abrading by in the upstate New York apple of Mohawk. Residents in the breadth characterized him as somewhat antisocial, but he had no accepted history of analysis for brainy affliction and few interactions with law enforcement, except for a 1973 arrest for bashed driving.
A bounded newspaper, The Observer-Dispatch of Utica, appear that board begin no calls on his buzz annal to or from ancestors or accompany in the seven months afore he acted. He had not had a job back 2006. His home was a tiny, sparsely appointed apartment.
He was acutely in banking trouble. His buzz annal listed 150 to 200 calls, abounding of them from credit-card companies aggravating to aggregate on added than $21,000 in debt, The Observer-Dispatch reported.
On the morning of March 13, 2013, Mr. Myers is believed to acquire set his accommodation on fire. He best up a shotgun. He collection to a adjacent barbershop, breadth he attempt four people, killing two and alarmingly acid two others, and again went to a carwash and bless abode in adjoining Herkimer and murdered two more.
He holed up in an alone bar, breadth he was asleep by a aggregation of accompaniment and federal admiral the next day.
The Observer-Dispatch aswell appear that board assured that Mr. Myers had not had any disagreements or abundant alternation at all with the humans or places he went to kill.
So why? No one kills over a bad haircut, a bad oil job. Why?
How Mentally Ill?
Can you annihilate in this way and be sane?
From his research, Dr. Fox believes that in the cosmos of accumulation murderers, including the calm killers, the robbers and the burglars, brainy affliction was not a cogent factor. “Most complex in the ancestors massacres are not actively mentally ill, but vengeful,” he said.
But if it comes to acutely aimless killings like those in Oregon, that is addition matter. “For the absolutely accidental attackers, that’s breadth you acquisition certifiable thinking.”
He added, “The added indiscriminate, the added acceptable there is austere brainy illness.”
Dr. Duwe, a part of his 160 cases of accumulation accessible killers, assured that 61 percent had a austere brainy bloom disorder, “or at atomic had some affection advertence that they did acquire one.” Batty schizophrenia was the a lot of accepted ailment, he said, followed by depression.
There seems little catechism about the brainy accompaniment of Aaron Alexis. In September 2013, Mr. Alexis, 34, a aloft Navy reservist who formed for an advice technology company, buried himself aloft an atrium at the Washington Navy Yard and accursed on anybody he saw, killing 12 of them. He was eventually attempt and asleep by the police.
A ages afore the shootings, Mr. Alexis was traveling for his job if he got into an altercation with a ancestors at an airport in Norfolk, Va. Afterwards the shooting, Glynda Boyd recalled how Mr. Alexis asked her, “Why is she bedlam at me?” He was apropos to her 78-year-old aunt, who was in a wheelchair.
His batty episodes persisted over the next few days. Afterwards he accustomed at a auberge in Middletown, R.I., he complained that he was audition choir appearing from a kitchen, admitting the kitchen was not abreast his room. One debilitated auberge bedfellow asked to be confused afterwards he began animadversion on doors searching for the voices.
Later, afterwards affective to addition hotel, Mr. Alexis alleged the badge and told them accordance were advancing from a “microwave machine.”
Navy admiral said Mr. Alexis had apparent a “pattern of misbehavior,” and the authorities in Newport, R.I., alerted argosy badge there of Mr. Alexis’s paranoia. That advice never fabricated it to superiors.
Research does appearance that humans with austere brainy illnesses, like schizophrenia, above abasement or bipolar disorder, do affectation a abundantly college accident of violence. But a lot of humans who are mentally ill are not violent.
Dr. Swanson of Duke said studies adumbrated that alone 7 percent of humans with a diagnosed brainy illnesses ability do annihilation agitated in a year, “and that is something as accessory as blame or advance somebody.”
With abounding of the killers, the signs are of acrimony and disappointment and solitude.
“Sure, you’ve got these accident factors, but they aswell call bags of humans who are never traveling to accomplish a accumulation shooting,” Dr. Swanson said. “You can’t go out and annular up all the alienated affronted adolescent men.”
Correction: October 3, 2015
This commodity has been revised to reflect the afterward correction: An beforehand adaptation of this commodity misspelled the accustomed name of the apprentice who asleep four humans at a top academy alfresco Seattle endure year. He was Jaylen Ray Fryberg, not Jaylyn. It aswell misspelled, in one instance, the surname of an upstate New York man who asleep four humans 2013. As the commodity declared elsewhere, he was Kurt Myers, not Meyers.
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